目前全世界主要有四種 COVID-19 疫苗: 1. mRNA 疫苗 mRNA 疫苗包含棘蛋白的 RNA 編碼，打進體內後，促使細胞轉譯出棘蛋白，激發適應性免疫反應，教導身體如何辨識並摧毀病毒。 廠商：BNT (德國)、Moderna (美國)。 2. subunit 疫苗 subunit 疫苗包含棘蛋白，打進體內後，激發適應性免疫反應。 廠商：Novavax (美國)、Sanofi-GSK (法國-英國)、高端 (台灣)、聯亞 (台灣)。 3. adenovirus vector 疫苗 adenovirus vector 疫苗包含腺病毒的殼其中包裹棘蛋白的 DNA 編碼，打進體內後，促使細胞轉錄並轉譯出棘蛋白，激發適應性免疫反應。 廠商：AstraZeneca (英國/瑞典)、Sputnik V (俄羅斯)。 4. inactivated virus 疫苗 inactivated virus 疫苗包含失去致病能力的病毒，打進體內後，激發適應性免疫反應。 廠商：Johnson Johnson (美國)、Covaxin (印度)、Sinovac (中國)。 附圖是刊登於 nature medicine 的一篇論文 [1] 關於各個疫苗的 efficacy 總結，我把疫苗的廠商、國家及類別以紅色字體標示在圖中。 各個疫苗做臨床試驗時定義的 efficacy 及 condition 不盡相同，該論文提供了細節可供參考。 維基百科上的 COVID-19 vaccine 條目 [7] 也提供了各個疫苗的 efficacy 的 breakdown: mild or moderate, severe without hospitalization or death, severe with hospitalization or death，以及其資料來源，值得參考。 參考資料: [1] Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01377-8 [2] COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33629336/ [3] Spike S2 Subunit: The Dark Horse in the Race for Prophylactic and Therapeutic Interventions against SARS-CoV-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33672450/ [4] Clinical Endpoints for Evaluating Efficacy in COVID-19 Vaccine Trials https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33090877/ [5] Pfizer and BioNTecg choose lead mRNA vaccine candidate against COVID-19 and commence pivotal phase 2/3 global study https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-choose-lead-mrna-vaccine-candidate-0 [6] What are viral vector-based vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19? https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-viral-vector-based-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19 [7] COVID-19 vaccine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine [8] Novavax COVID-19 vaccine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine [9] Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine [7] Johnson Johnson COVID-19 vaccine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson_COVID-19_vaccine [8] CDC: Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html
